Early-stage technologies in the field of Clean Energy - 2025 Status Report on Technology Development, Trends, Value Chains and Markets

Within the context of the Clean Energy Technology Observatory, 151 emerging signals in science and innovation related to Energy have been detected using a combination of text mining techniques and large language models on a corpus of scientific publications and patents. The report provides a meta-analysis for each of the CETO categories, distinguishing emerging technologies from more mature ones and giving some insights to understand the relative performance of major economies (including EU, US, CN, KR, JP) in these developments.